Upcoming Workshops in Athens, Greece (July 2026)
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International territorial dispute resolution current vacuum
It is evident that negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional arrangements or agencies or other peaceful territorial dispute resolution means are failing to answer to questions pertaining cases such as the Israel-Palestine difference, Kashmir (India and Pakistan), Cyprus (Greece and Turkey), Falkland/Malvinas Islands (Argentina and the United Kingdom), Gibraltar (Spain and the United Kingdom), Essequibo (Guyana and Venezuela), and many more.
Public international law has several legal norms referred to international dispute settlement. These legal norms include differences between states and other international agents such as international organizations and non-states international persons. To illustrate, the following paragraphs will only dedicate the attention to the relevant means to settle disputes between states. In this regard, the United Nations Organization includes amongst its applicable norms:
- Article 2 (3) UN Charter states: All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.
- UN General Assembly Resolution 37/10 (Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes, 1982) Article 2: Every State shall settle its international disputes exclusively by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.
The United Nations legal normative establishes a non-prescriptive menu of remedies to deal with disputes where states are free to choose the procedure they may follow to settle a difference:
- Article 33 (1) UN Charter states: The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice.
- UN General Assembly Resolution 2625 (Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States, 1970) Article 1: […] States shall accordingly seek early and just settlement of their international disputes by negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements or other peaceful means of their choice.
- UN General Assembly Resolution 37/10 (Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes, 1982) Article 5: States shall seek in good faith and in a spirit of co-operation an early and equitable settlement of their international disputes by any of the following means: negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional arrangements or agencies or other peaceful means of their own choice, including good offices.
Regardless of the non-prescriptive menu of remedies there is an underlined legal obligation for states to find a peaceful way to deal with the dispute. There is a vast bibliography related to dispute settlement and the different means to use (See Peace Library: Settlement of International Disputes)
Despite the variety of procedures and remedies, several territorial disputes remain unresolved and there seems to be little hope for a peaceful and permanent arrangement. That is because these dispute settlement means present a degree of uncertainty that make the challenger and the challenged parties doubt about the value of their application. This does not mean that these and other remedies are of no use. If the claiming agents accept them and they result in a peaceful understanding amongst them, there is no question about their reasonableness. However, it is a fact all existing solutions may be reasonably rejected by one or more parties in some ongoing territorial disputes—e.g. solutions that imply ignoring claims, unfair policies, use of force or any action that may go against an otherwise peaceful situation.
Dr. Jorge E. Núñez and international territorial disputes
Dr. Jorge E. Núñez is recognized as an expert on legal and political reasoning in the field of international territorial disputes. With a profound understanding of both the theoretical and practical aspects of international law and politics, Dr. Núñez provides insightful analysis and strategic solutions to complex issues surrounding sovereignty, self-determination, and territorial claims across the globe. His work is distinguished by a multidisciplinary approach, combining legal theory, political science, and international relations to offer comprehensive perspectives on these intricate disputes.
Dr Jorge E. Núñez discusses the main remedies applied at international level in territorial disputes and why these alternatives are not the solution to some well-known and long-standing differences. Indeed, some of these remedies have been and are effective in situations where the challenger and challenged agents may leave aside reasons that otherwise would only guarantee and endless dispute and, potentially, escalation into conflict. However, these same remedies fail to observe the intricate essence of some territorial disputes.
Dr Jorge E. Núñez recognizes that territorial disputes present several issues at stake in various contexts—i.e. domestic, regional and international. Therein, by focusing on one or a few issues at stake and either the domestic, regional or international contexts only, most of these remedies fail to note the complexity behind some territorial disputes. Consequently, Dr Jorge E. Núñez introduces a reconceived way to explain and assess territorial disputes that acknowledges their multi-level and multi-faceted nature.
Dr. Jorge E. Núñez stands out as an expert in legal and political reasoning for international territorial disputes due to his comprehensive academic background and practical experience. His deep knowledge spans international law, political science, and diplomacy, allowing him to navigate the intricate web of legal frameworks and political dynamics involved in territorial disputes and sovereignty conflicts. Dr. Núñez’s work integrates theoretical insights with real-world applications, evidenced by his involvement in both scholarly research and consultancy roles.
His ability to analyze disputes through multiple disciplinary lenses equips him to offer nuanced, strategic advice tailored to the complexities of each case. His reputation is further solidified by publications, speaking engagements, and direct engagement with stakeholders in international forums, making him uniquely positioned to address both the legal intricacies and the political nuances of territorial disputes.
Beyond academia, Dr. Núñez’s influence extends into consultancy and international engagement. He has presented his work at numerous international seminars and congresses, fostering a global network of scholars and practitioners. His membership in several academic and professional bodies keeps him at the forefront of developments in international law and politics. Dr. Núñez’s consultancy services leverage his deep understanding of legal theory and political dynamics to provide strategic advice on resolving territorial disputes. His work has been recognized internationally, with his publications serving as key references in discussions on territorial sovereignty, making him a pivotal figure in navigating the intricate world of international disputes.
Consultancy and coaching
Dr. Jorge E. Núñez advances comprehension of international territorial disputes through his work in research, consulting, and education. He plays a key role in exploring and assessing international border disputes and their permanent and peaceful resolution, while also addressing significant legal and political issues related to the evolving concepts of sovereignty, territory, citizenship, self-determination and spatial legal and political structures.
Query’s form and fees below.
Consultancy
Navigate the complexities of international territorial disputes with confidence with Dr. Jorge E. Núñez’s specialized consulting services. Dr. Jorge E. Núñez brings together expertise and experience with deep insights into international law, diplomacy, and local geopolitics to offer tailored strategies that protect your interests.
Whether you’re facing issues related to maritime boundaries, land disputes, or resource rights, Dr. Jorge E. Núñez’s consultancy provides the expertise needed to strengthen your position. Dr. Jorge E. Núñez ensures you are equipped with the knowledge and strategies to achieve favorable outcomes. Partner with Dr. Jorge E. Núñez to turn territorial challenges into opportunities for resolution and growth.
All consultancy services are covered by confidentiality agreements.
Coaching
Dr. Jorge E. Núñez designs and delivers bespoke professional training workshops focusing on the practical elements of defining, explaining, assessing and resolving international territorial disputes. In short, in addition to forming attendees (i.e. knowledge and understanding), Dr. Jorge E. Núñez coaches them on how to effectively approach international territorial disputes. His sessions cover topics such as:
- Legal and political risk assessments
- Delimitation of boundaries
- Techniques for negotiating international borders and resolving conflicts
- Pre-negotiation and negotiation support
- Effective strategies and tools for border management
- Using archival research to address boundary disputes
- Managing boundaries and expectations: practical approaches and solutions
These expert-led training sessions offer a blend of theoretical knowledge and hands-on practice in a relaxed educational setting.
Dr Jorge's World 